{ "version": 1, "exportedAt": "2026-10-23T09:54:13+00:00", "cards": [ { "id": "a6c6d99aad169ae4", "question": "What is globalisation?", "answer": "The growing interconnectedness of societies: events in one place increasingly affect people elsewhere.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "29184e499e4255bd", "question": "What developments drive globalisation?", "answer": "The internet and satellite television, cheaper air travel, mass tourism, migration and the growth of transnational corporations.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "1e35b3940655d3c9", "question": "What is a transnational corporation?", "answer": "A company that produces or markets goods and services across national borders.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "de9f1e03b5de5955", "question": "What does Castells argue about the global criminal economy?", "answer": "Alongside the legitimate global capitalist economy, there is a criminal global economy worth over £1 trillion a year, according to the textbook.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "theorists" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "ee8df871f6ac7158", "question": "What does Glenny mean by the global shadow economy?", "answer": "The worldwide economy of organised crime, which operates across borders and mirrors legitimate global business.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "71970c748b48a346", "question": "How large does Glenny (2009) estimate the global shadow economy to be?", "answer": "About 15% of world GDP. This is the historical estimate given in the textbook.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "3d34636beaed4f3a", "question": "What three types of zone does Glenny identify in the global criminal economy?", "answer": "Zones of production, distribution and consumption.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "0b4f903420cd3f18", "question": "What are zones of production?", "answer": "Places where illegal goods are produced, such as Colombia for cocaine and Afghanistan for heroin.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "d420201d446a8909", "question": "What are zones of distribution?", "answer": "Places through which criminal networks move illegal goods or trafficked people, such as Mexico, Jamaica and the Balkans.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "4128d020c945f9d3", "question": "What examples illustrate zones of distribution?", "answer": "Cocaine moves through Mexico towards the USA and through Jamaica towards Europe; women are trafficked through the Balkans to European countries.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "6def85fbe20a0ff1", "question": "What are zones of consumption?", "answer": "Markets where illegal goods and services are bought, including the European Union, Japan and the USA.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "e8e87d4e441d8e3b", "question": "How does demand in affluent countries encourage global crime?", "answer": "Demand for drugs and prostitution creates profitable markets that global criminal networks supply.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "d9028324a3367271", "question": "Where are zones of production and distribution mainly located, according to Glenny?", "answer": "In the developing world, where competition over criminal markets can involve severe violence.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "e8955af8896cf926", "question": "How does Mexico illustrate violence linked to global crime?", "answer": "Gangs compete violently to control cocaine distribution to the USA.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "6b869101a77d4565", "question": "How does the Democratic Republic of Congo illustrate links between resources and global crime?", "answer": "Paramilitary groups have traded resources such as coltan and diamonds with organised criminals in exchange for weapons.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "467ea7b922edab5b", "question": "What do Hobbs and Dunningham argue about global criminal networks?", "answer": "They often grow from and depend on established local or domestic criminal networks.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "theorists" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "a9d7f973d810c71e", "question": "What does glocal crime mean?", "answer": "Crime that remains rooted in a local area but increasingly has global connections.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "f5aec0382ec53341", "question": "How does the drugs trade illustrate glocal crime?", "answer": "Local drug prices and supply depend on international networks moving drugs across borders while avoiding detection.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "glocal crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "9761f4ee5ddc9431", "question": "How can the global drugs trade encourage local property crime?", "answer": "People may commit theft, burglary or robbery to fund heroin or crack use.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "glocal crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "0c8cc6590b138a56", "question": "What examples of global crime are listed in the pages?", "answer": "Drug trafficking, sex trafficking, smuggling legal goods, counterfeiting and cyber crime.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "35da93cab196ab07", "question": "What is sex trafficking?", "answer": "Moving and controlling people for sexual exploitation, including forcing women into prostitution across national borders.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "5336478b48487c6b", "question": "How can legal goods become part of global criminal activity?", "answer": "Goods such as alcohol, tobacco and cars can be smuggled to evade taxes or other controls.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "282f877c24a14d16", "question": "What is counterfeiting?", "answer": "Producing or selling fake goods or labels that imitate genuine brands.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "aceb3cac86529f67", "question": "How have global communications created opportunities for crime?", "answer": "The internet allows offenders to target people and organisations across borders and commit new forms of fraud and theft.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "08cdee31ec984908", "question": "What is identity theft?", "answer": "Stealing personal information, such as bank details or a date of birth, and using it to impersonate someone or obtain accounts and credit.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "d904d3ab48def7f1", "question": "Why can identity theft go unnoticed?", "answer": "Victims may not discover the misuse of their information until its consequences become serious.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "495766504482a8eb", "question": "What cyber fraud example involving Tesco Bank appears in the textbook?", "answer": "A November 2016 cyber attack resulted in money being stolen from the accounts of over 20,000 customers, according to the textbook.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "e797e0352274786e", "question": "What are online scams?", "answer": "Fraudulent online methods used to obtain money, financial details or other valuable information.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "fd8ebbfef3f7beb8", "question": "What is money laundering?", "answer": "Concealing the criminal origin of money so that it appears to come from legitimate sources.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "077ca80ce44955b0", "question": "How can the internet assist money laundering?", "answer": "Criminals can move money through complex transfers between international or offshore bank accounts.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "c2d44b13950dda21", "question": "What is intellectual property (IP) theft?", "answer": "Stealing ideas, designs, product specifications, trade secrets or technical information.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "33c66417650dec6b", "question": "Why might companies or states sponsor IP theft?", "answer": "To gain a commercial or strategic advantage over competitors or rival states.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "278d94fc79f26fa0", "question": "Which four groups does the textbook identify as major perpetrators of UK cyber crime?", "answer": "Organised criminal networks, foreign intelligence services, terrorist organisations and hacker groups.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "2617919478933e5c", "question": "Why are organised criminal networks attracted to cyber crime?", "answer": "It can offer high financial rewards for relatively little investment and risk.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "cbd6a15e337655aa", "question": "How can foreign intelligence services be involved in cyber crime?", "answer": "They may sponsor or directly carry out industrial espionage.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "27b1f1201df10213", "question": "How might terrorist organisations use cyber attacks?", "answer": "They may target infrastructure such as air traffic control or power grids to cause widespread disruption.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "cyber crime" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "909cd77f959f2b1c", "question": "What is hacktivism?", "answer": "Gaining unauthorised access to computer systems or networks to advance social or political goals.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "39c48a17af49a9d4", "question": "What is Anonymous?", "answer": "A decentralised online network of anonymous hacktivists associated with politically motivated attacks on websites.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "bdd419b51501dc6d", "question": "How does Anonymous illustrate political uses of cyber crime?", "answer": "Its members have targeted government, religious and corporate websites as a form of protest.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "c81f8107ad66b72b", "question": "What does Taylor argue about globalisation and taxation?", "answer": "Globalisation makes it easier for wealthy elites and transnational corporations to move funds and profits internationally to avoid taxation.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "theorists" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "e72d4bae9818f474", "question": "How can legitimate business and organised crime overlap?", "answer": "Criminal groups can invest illegal profits in legitimate businesses to launder money, linking them to the legal economy.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "df9651e15b37b77e", "question": "How does Glenny link offshore banking to global crime?", "answer": "Offshore banking and tax havens can make it easier to conceal and move money from illegal activities through mainstream banks.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Glenny" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "417459ec5a8e0ba7", "question": "What banking example from 2012 illustrates money laundering?", "answer": "The textbook describes HSBC admitting to laundering money for Mexico's Sinaloa drug cartel and receiving a US penalty of about $2 billion.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "1444f65bdee4e1da", "question": "What banking example from 2015 illustrates weak financial controls?", "answer": "The textbook states that Barclays was fined £72 million by the Financial Conduct Authority for inadequate checks on deposits.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "examples" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "b06b2aa3bdc3dbec", "question": "Why is global crime difficult to police?", "answer": "International laws can be unclear, international agencies have limited powers, and cooperation is weakened by conflicts between agencies and governments.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "ffbeaf095631edac", "question": "How can international cooperation limit the policing of global crime?", "answer": "Local and international police agencies may have conflicting priorities, while disagreements between governments obstruct investigations.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "fc9dde2ece606f36", "question": "What does Stephen Box argue about powerful people and global crime?", "answer": "Powerful people can influence which activities are criminalised, allowing harmful conduct to escape legal punishment.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "theorists" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "aecf709493a5bf53", "question": "Why do some radical criminologists want to redefine crime?", "answer": "A purely legal definition can overlook serious harms caused by powerful people when their actions are not prohibited by law.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "a5fc395819fbd172", "question": "What is zemiology?", "answer": "The study of social harm, including harm to people, other living species and the environment, whether or not it is illegal.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "key terms" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "54601103ab3c1179", "question": "How does zemiology differ from a legal definition of crime?", "answer": "A legal approach focuses on lawbreaking; zemiology examines harmful activities even when no law has been broken.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "068181f3fa370535", "question": "Why is global crime difficult to research?", "answer": "It often involves secretive, dangerous and powerful individuals or groups, making reliable evidence difficult to obtain.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "d8a5be56befdc09a", "question": "Why is defining global crime difficult?", "answer": "Criminologists disagree about what counts as criminal, particularly where legality, political motives and social harm conflict.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "0b782fd240b5405b", "question": "How does the WikiLeaks example illustrate disagreement about crime?", "answer": "The textbook contrasts viewing Julian Assange as a criminal with viewing him as someone exposing information in support of democracy.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "e0d7767d12962a97", "question": "What does Ulrich Beck mean by second modernity?", "answer": "A phase of industrial society characterised by globalisation and risks created by scientific and technological development.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Beck" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "6403dd0cc269b206", "question": "What is a risk society?", "answer": "A society increasingly concerned with managing potential harms generated by modern science and technology.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Beck" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "02af44bdd8542f37", "question": "How does cyber crime fit Beck's risk society?", "answer": "Digital technology brings benefits but also creates threats that can spread across borders, such as cyber attacks.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Beck" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "27b4ae292bbb853d", "question": "What role does Beck give the state in second modernity?", "answer": "Managing risks, including cyber crime and technologically sophisticated terrorist threats.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "Beck" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" }, { "id": "1d322c44473535fc", "question": "How can globalisation be evaluated as a cause of changes in crime?", "answer": "It expands markets, communications and financial flows, creating new offences and opportunities while connecting existing local criminal activity internationally.", "tags": [ "sociology", "globalisation and crime", "evaluation" ], "createdAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-23T08:30:16+00:00" } ] }